Interview Appraisal . Conducting A Successful Health History

Interview Appraisal Conducting a successful health history interview is crucial to understanding the patient as a whole, and helps the provider gain understanding about the patient’s goals and outlook toward their health. â€Å"The interviewing process that generates the patient’s story is fluid and requires empathy, effective communication, and the relational skills to respond to patient cues, feelings, and concerns† (Bickley Szilagyi, 2013, p 31). It is during the initial interview that the provider establishes rapport with the patient. A good rapport with the patient builds trust between the patient and provider. It is this trust that facilitates a complete and truthful patient interview, as the patient will be less fearful of†¦show more content†¦She began by asking how the patient was feeling that day, and by doing so outlined to the role of each participant. Since the patient came to the appointment by himself, there was no need for her to ask permission for others to be present during the interview, however she did explain that his answers would remain confidential. The interviewer did use several of the nine types of verbal response appropriately. She frequently used explanation, summary, interpretation, clarification, facilitation, and empathy at appropriate times. One type of verbal response that may have improved the interview is silence. There were few pauses between questions and at times there were multiple questions combined in one long list. This did not seem give the patient an adequate opportunity to think about and answer each question individually. Confrontation was not used, however there was nothing about the patient or interview that would have warranted using this type of response. The interviewer seemed to avoid the ten traps of interviewing, with the exception of one—using professional jargon. At the end of the interview she did a quick review of systems, during which, she used several med ical terms that would not normally be known to someone outside of the medical profession. Overall, it seemed that the interviewer used appropriate nonverbal behavior. However, as the interview progressed she appeared to change position in the chair frequently and had a tendencyShow MoreRelatedThe Employee Performance Appraisal : Three Key Components1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Employee Performance Appraisal: Three Crucial Components The Interviews and History Interviewed were five members of The Gaston County Human Resource Department (HR). HR is responsible for the recruitment of qualified employees. HR is also charged with keeping accurate and complete records for personnel administration, including health insurance, retirement benefits, worker’s compensation, accident pressing reports, and time and pay request. 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Apples Financial Statement Analysis - 5047 Words

APPLE COMPUTER COMPANY Financial Statement Analysis Project Table of Contents Part I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Part II †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Part III †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Part IV †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Part V †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......8 Part VI †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Part VII †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......12 Appendices AAPL 5 Year Balance Sheet Report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 5 Year Income Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...13 5 Year Cash Flow Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Asustek Computer Inc 5 Year Balance Sheet Report†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 5 Year Income Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...16 5 Year Cash Flow Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Cisco Systems Inc 5 Year Balance Sheet†¦show more content†¦Asustek Computer Inc operates in Semiconductors industry. The Group s principal activities are designing, manufacturing and selling computer products and other electronic products. Products include computer motherboards, computer software, supplemental and upgrading cards, optical instruments, wired and wireless telecommunication apparatus. Operations are carried out in Taiwan, Asia Pacific and other countries. The Group exports its products to Canada, Asia Pacific, the United States of America, Europe and South Africa. Cisco Systems Inc operates in Telecommunications Equipment industry. The Group s principal activities are to design, manufacture and sell Internet Protocol (IP)-based networking and other products related to the communications and information technology (IT) industry and provide services associated with these products and their use. The Group s products are installed at enterprise businesses, public institutions, tele communications companies, commercial businesses and personal residences. The Group offers its products in five categories: Switches, Advanced Technologies, Routers, Service, and Other. Its service offerings include technical support services and advanced services. It operates in the United States, Canada, European Markets, Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa, Russia, Asia Pacific and Japan. During Fiscal 2009, the Group acquired PostPath, Inc., PureShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Health Of Apple1201 Words   |  5 Pagescustomers. Apple’s top three competitors are Blackberry Limited, Google Inc., and Hewlett-Packard Company (Yahoo Finance, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the financial health of Apple by using horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, ratio analysis, and Altman’s z-score for the year 2011, 2012, 2013. Horizontal analysis is performed by setting all accounts as a percentage of the base year. The base year for our horizontal analysis will be 2011. 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Tourism and Hotel Professional Development Globalization

Question: Discuss about theTourism and Hotel Professional Development for Globalization. Answer: Introduction In current world, globalization is the term that is presents everywhere. Development of various technologies in the field of management has led various companies to expand itself globally. Organizational behavior is the term that is related to the study of individuals and group dynamics in an organizational system. The study of organizations attempts in understanding of the models that helps the firms in their decision making process. Personality is the most important part for understanding the behavior of an individual in an organization. It consists of feelings, thoughts, and visible behavior for the organization. This study will portray the self-awareness report regarding the managerial decisions. It will also examine the values and motivators along with the emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. The study wills also forecast the steps of decision making and process. Self Awareness Self-awareness is about examining how emotions affect anyones interaction with others and what are their impacts on the emotional state. In order to develop and create an understanding of individuals in various areas, self-awareness is very much important. Key areas for self-awareness are described below briefly: Personality Personality of every individual follows the behavior of the human being; it signifies the mental as well as physical system which proves the behavior of the person in a particular condition (Chanen, 2009). The personality of each and every individual is distinct from one another. In this report the research is concentrated on examining the personality of Myers- Briggs Type Indicator personality model, which is a personality test framed to guide an individual in recognizing some identical personal inclinations. This is the personality indicator used in group dynamics, leadership trainings, and personal development as well as in employees training (O'Hagan, 2003). The Myers-Briggs sorts for introversion, extraversion, thinking or feeling, sensing or intuition and judging or perceiving. Extraversion and Introversion- This is the first most pair of style which is considered with the indication of individual energy, if an individual prefers to indicate their energy for dealing with persons, situations or things then their preference can be for Extraversion (Sadeghi and Dastjerdi, 2015). And if any individual indicates their energy for dealing with explanations, information, ideas and clarifications then their preference can be for Introversion. Sensing and Intuition- This is the second pair that considers the kind of information that an individual process, if an individual prefers for dealing with the facts, that they know for clearness or for clarifying what they convey, then their preference can be for Sensing (Pettinger, 2013). And if an individual prefers for dealing with ideas and observe into the unknown for generating current possibilities, then their preference can be for Intuition. Thinking and Feeling- this is the third most pair that signifies an individuals variety or pattern of decision making, if an individual prefer to decide according to their objective logic by utilizing separated as well as analytical approach, then their preference can be for Thinking (McCrae and Allik, 2002). And if an individual prefer for decision by using values according to their beliefs and importance, then the individual can be for Feeling. Judgment and Perception- this is the final pair that defines the kind of lifestyle that an individual adopt, if an individual prefers their life to be planned and organized, then their preference can for Judging (Elsmore, 2001). If an individual prefers to go with the flow for maiantiani8ng flexibility as well as considers the things which arise at the moment, then their preference can be for Perception. Values and Motivators Motivation is the most important force which leads to functioning in the organization. Motivation is actually refer as the desire to fulfill the objectives and goals; this leads to goal- directed behavior (Friedrich, 2013). Motivation is important if any individual performs excellent in their particular fields. Potentiality as well as ability to perform the task are most important aspect as well as are the key determinant of effectiveness (Whiteley, 2002). The purpose of analyzing this topic in the report is to describing various Maslows motivational theories by focusing on how the management of the firm motivates their employees and staffs along with a huge level of turnover and motivation. Maslows Hierarchy The theory of Abraham Maslow is based on a simple premise, the theory describes that there are few desires which are basic to humans and in their elimination nothing else matters, as an individual satisfies their basic needs and begins to look forward for satisfying huge order desires and demands (Shafritz and Ott, 2005). This means once the low stage demands is fulfilled and satisfied, then it will no longer serves as a motivator. This theory is designed on basis of assumptions that there exists hierarchy of five desires and demand within every individual (Mcreynolds, 2012). The five desires and demands are described in the following: Physiological demand- this demand describes the basic needs of people daily lives such as food, water and various biological requirements. These requirements and demands are the basic demand because while they lack the search for these may overpower various other urges. Safety demand- safety demand refers to the demand for environmental, physical as well as emotional protection and safety, like family security, job security, financial security etc (Taormina and Gao, 2013). This demand arises once the physiological demands are fulfilled and satisfied, as individuals tend to become concerned about protection demands. Social demand- social demands contain the demand for affection, love care, faith, friendship and belongings (Woodman and Pasmore, 2009). This demand refers to the demand in order to associate with various other humans and forms long-term attachments with others. Esteem demand- this demand are classified into two types that are internal esteem demand, which includes confidence, self-respect, freedom, achievement etc., whereas the second esteem demand is external esteem demand that contains power, attention, admiration etc. this demand refers to the demand to be respected as well as be appreciated by ones peers (Bird, 2010). Self- Actualization- This demand establishes itself by the demand for acquiring new experience and skills; take on challenges as well as behave like that will lead to the accomplishment of anothers life objectives (Osteen, 2004). This demand contains demand for conducting, more knowledge, creativity, social services etc. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the conventional of activities that relate the emotions and emotional information of individuals and organization. The topic has gained noteworthy attention in last few years among the organizational scholars and various researches have been conducted on its role in an organization. Emotional Intelligence can be evaluated in two different approaches, namely, the performance based and the self-report approach. The two models assist that contexts of the organization and the depositions made by employees should be measured to understand how Emotional Intelligence relates to the criteria of organizational behavior. Emotional intelligence is the critical examination of an individual for the productive adult work and life. It is the ability to understand the emotions and its states and also includes the ability to control others emotions and diverting it in useful ways. The role of Emotional Intelligence is very important. Conversely, the responsibilities and assessment of emotional Intelligence is very important issue that needs to be addressed for the effectiveness of the organization. Leadership Leadership describes the potentiality of the management to create sound judgment or decisions as well as encourages other in order to functions in an excellent way. This is the phenomenon of indicating the behavior of others in order to achieve a similar goal (Giuliani and Kurson, 2002). Leadership is actually a method of conducting things that are done by others. Leadership is quite important in each and very organization as it leads to maximum performance by the employees, this improves motivation as well as develops morality in the team members and helps them to respond to modification (Leadership Careers, 2007). Leadership benefitted achievement and success in every organization by making accountability as well as responsibility within the team members of the firm. In other words, it enhances the value in the firm. Different leadership styles are present in the working environment (Schmid, 2006). The culture as well as objectives of the firm consider which leadership will supports and able to set better. Various organizations forms different leadership styles into the firm on the basis of their required task for completing departmental requirements. Here, in this report, the researcher has analyzed two different leadership styles i.e. Traditional Theory and Transformational Theory, which are elaborated in the following: Traditional Theory This theory of leadership style defines the various types of behavior and personality tendencies which are associates with effective leadership. This is the first most academic theory of leadership which is based on various distinct traits of humans (Weymes, 2004). This theory assumes that leaders are not created whereas they are born. According to this theory, leadership behavior is based on the total of entire traits that a leader own. This theory describes mainly five human traits, elaborated in the following: Social Trait- this trait contains popularity, cooperativeness, prestige and interpersonal skill. Personal Trait- this trait includes enthusiasm, self- confidence and creativity. Ability Trait- this trait contains fluency in debates or speeches, judgment and knowledge (Kelly, 2006). Work Trait- this trait involves achievements and organization. Physical Trait- this is a trait which contains height, energy, appearance and activity. Transformational Theory Transformational leadership contains the potentiality for affecting employees opinions by the returns which firm conducts in the form of human capital advantage. These leaders contains the capability to gain huge facilities and advantages by starting knowledge management phenomenon, inspiring interpersonal communication between workers and making quite healthy culture within the organization (Pai and Krishnan, 2015). This leadership style helps in establishing organizational innovation through create a participative culture. Power and Politics This section plays a crucial role in the development of the business by governing how decisions are too made and by examining how employees interact with each other. Whether a business is big or small, the impact of power depends on what positives and negatives power employees use in order to influence others in the workplace. Political issue of an organization may directly impact who has the power and can control the overall culture of the workplace. Positive power of a firm involves encouraging activity in the production that includes giving power to employees so that they can participate the decision making process of the company. This builds confidence in the employees and also motivates them to work harder. Negatives politics occur in an organization when supervisors and leaders dont have respect for their juniors and for the employees working under them. Decision Making and Planning The process of decision making can be sometimes very challenging for some people, and for others it becomes a natural process. At the time of making the decision, the most important part is the procedures of making them. Various tools are available for assist in the development process of decision making. An accurate and proper decision making tool can gain us in making the decisions. Decision making process can be termed as a cognitive process used in judging, evaluating, selecting and resolving the problems. It may sometimes involve process of developing substitutes for decision making process. Decision making and problem solving is the major and main function of any management procedure, as it includes an essential part of all other managerial functions, namely, planning, organizing, directing and planning. Decision making process is also an important part of human life as without it, decisions regarding life cannot be managed. Decision making tools are about for improving and dev eloping individuals and group activities to solve the problems for various important issues such as education, industry, companies and government. In previous time, decision making process was thought as a function of management but in current place, almost all individuals and groups makes their decisions with proper planning. A decision is a selection between options over the others. Implementing a good decision is the process of knowing the problems and resolving them by identifying options and taking benefits from them. Problem solving is the process in which we solve a problem that comes between the present situation and the desired goals. It is made for crossing the obstacles that are blocking the road for reaching the goals. Most managers make decisions and solve issues in their everyday work. It is the moral or can be said principle responsibility of managers and leaders. Sometimes, these decision makers have to face failure as they lack proper strategy to implement in their decision making process. Managers should implement proper tools and techniques while preparing their decision making process. Managers who have less experience behind them should avoid making quick decisions and should understand every single aspect relating to the problem. Approaches to Decision Making and Solving Problem There are various ways for solving the problems occurred during a decision making process, but the most implemented seven step problem solving decision making process is described below: Recognizing the problem Gathering proper and accurate data and information Developing all the possible solutions for the specific problems Analyzing and comparing the courses and approaches of different solutions Making the best possible decision Making an appropriate plan Implementing the plan in a most appropriate way Comparison of two Different Decision Making Theories Classical Management Theory- management of an organization takes place in the structured organizational setting with its specified roles. This theory is directed towards achievement of aims and objectives by influencing the efforts. The advantage of this theory is that this theory is familiar with the forecast and plan of the organization to command, control and co-ordinate its activities and procedures. The major drawback of this theory is creates issues such as individual versus general interest, and its theory suggest employer as authoritarian by defining the work according to the employees interest. Human Relation Theories: the theory is undoubtedly concerned about the human factors in the structure and mechanism of the organization. The advantage of this theory is that this theory has strength of informal groups that can be demonstrated with the behavior of the workers. This theory highlights the need of supervisors to be sensitive and care for social needs within the department of the organization. Conclusion It has been found from the above study that globalization is the term that is presents everywhere in current world. This report also outcomes that the process of decision making can be sometimes very challenging for some people. At the time of making the decision, the most important part is the procedures of making them. It has been also examined from the study that managers should implement proper tools and techniques while preparing their decision making process. From the above discussion it can be examined that firms have to implement various policies in their managerial platforms to offer equal opportunities to all its employees. Self-awareness report and its key areas are also been examined in the report. It has also been analyzed from the study that decision making and problem solving is the major and main function of any management procedure, as it includes an essential part of all other managerial functions, namely, planning, organizing, directing and planning. References Bird, C. (2010). Self-respect and the Respect of Others.European Journal of Philosophy, 18(1), pp.17-40. Chanen, A. (2009). Borderline personality disorder. Personality and Mental Health, 3(2), pp.116-119. Elsmore, P. (2001). Organisational culture. Aldershot, England: Gower. Friedrich, D. (2013). Belief and Motivation. Theoria, 80(3), pp.255-268. Giuliani, R. and Kurson, K. (2002). Leadership. New York: Hyperion. Kelly, S. (2006). Leadership Refrains: Patterns of Leadership. Leadership, 2(2), pp.181-201. Leadership Careers. (2007). Nursing Leadership, 20(4). McCrae, R. and Allik, I. (2002). The five-factor model of personality across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Mcreynolds, J. (2012). Motivational theories psychology. Delhi: English Press. O'Hagan, A. (2003). Personality. Orlando: Harcourt. Osteen, J. (2004). Your best life now. New York: Warner Books. Pai, A. and Krishnan, V. (2015). Can Transformational Leadership Increase the Happiness Index in Organisations through Empowerment?. johb, 4(2and3). Pettinger, R. (2013). Organizational Behaviour. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Sadeghi, E. and Dastjerdi, H. (2015). Translation and Inner State: The impact of Interpreters Extraversion/Introversion on Accuracy and Sentence Length. MJSS. Schmid, H. (2006). Leadership styles and leadership change in human and community service organizations. Nonprofit Management Leadership, 17(2), pp.179-194. Shafritz, J. and Ott, J. (2005). Classics of organization theory. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Taormina, and Gao, (2013). Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2), p.155. Weymes, E. (2004). A challenge to traditional management theory. Foresight, 6(6), pp.338-348. Whiteley, P. (2002). Motivation. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Woodman, R. and Pasmore, W. (2009). Research in organizational change and development. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Insider Trading Laws - Punishments - Case Studies

Question: Describe about the Insider Trading for Laws, Punishments, Case Studies. Answer: Introduction: Criminology defines corporate crime in many ways. Crime committed by a Company, Crime committed by someone outside the Company or a crime committed by someone inside the Company all come together under the term Corporate Crime (Crowe, 2015). Corporate Crime can be of many types. All of the acts mentioned below may come under the tag of Corporate Crime: False presentation of a Companys Financials Bribery with commercial agenda Unlawful fund handling Dissemination of false information while marketing the company products Exploiting stock market pricing etc Criminal Law is applicable in any of the cases mentioned above. The presiding Legislature decides the amount of damage that any of the above acts may cause to a company or to the State and the individuals residing there. Depending on the severity of the act, penalty is decided. In the Countries which are economically advanced, Corruption and bribery for commercial purposes have become issues of continued concern. Apart from corruption and bribery, Insider trading has become one of the most concerning issues in the present day corporations (Legislation, 2016). Insider Trading: Insider trading is one of the grave concerns for the present day corporations. An insider of a company may have a number of information which is not available for people outside the company. The general public who do not have these internal information of a Company, fall victim when the person inside the Company uses these confidential information for selling or buying stocks / securities of the company. The outsiders or the people who are not part of the company, invest in the stocks / securities of the company without knowing those precious information which provide larger profits to the people inside the company (Austlii, 2001). Therefore, it may be said that the people who are inside the company make undue profit by means of unethical means. There is a conflict among economists regarding the legality of insider trading. Some find it ethical and good for economy of a country as it increases the cost of capital for the issuers of securities and some find it completely unethical and wish to impose legal banning on it. The rules for insider trading vary for different countries. The rules are somewhat complex in nature also. The Case of Lukas Kamay vs the Queen: In the year 2015, the most significant verdict in the history of insider trading was given by the Supreme Court Justice Ms Elizabeth Hollingworth. The case was fought between the Queen of Australia and Mr Lukas Kamay, a former NAB banker and a former analyst from Australian Bureau of statistics, Mr Christopher Hill. Both Kamay and Hill was sentenced to Jail for that Insider Trading offence. Mr Lucas was imprisoned for Seven years and three months and Mr Hill was sentenced for three Years approximately. Ms Elizabeth Hollingworth, Honble Justice of Supreme Court of Australia, commented that the case was the worst example of Insider Trading in the country of Australia. Hill, a former analyst of ABS copied some of the internal information of his company and sent them via his mobile phone to Lukas Kamay. The sent information consisted of the labour force, new expenditure in Capital; retail dealings etc of the Company. Kamay used this important information to strike hugely profitable trading deals. Kamay made a profit of 2 Lakhs 84 thousnad dollars out of the deal. He accumulated a profit of approximately 7 Million dollars within a few months. Throughout this unethical practice, Hill went on passing important and confidential information from his own company to Kamay. The information he passed on to Kamay included very important and confidential financial information of his company. According to Justice Hollingworth, the whole unlawful process was driven by highest level of greed and by the single reason of financial profit. The Judge while passing her sentence mentioned that both Kamay and Hill had pleaded guilty in advance and as they were very youn g, they could start their life afresh after successful rehabilitation (Vines, 2015). Hill was unaware that Kamay had dealings with a number of confidential forex accounts for trading with companies like Axigroup and Pepperstone. Both these Organisations had gone to Australian Securities and Investment Commission reporting about the mistrustful trading. By these tradings Kamay earned approximately 7.2 million Dollars wheras Hill could make only a profit of 19,500 Dollars. Kamay was charged with several offences like Insider Trading, Identity theft and illegal money handling. He pleaded guilty for these charges. Psychological analysis of the two offenders gave different results. While the analysis of Kamay revealed that he had a narcissistic attitude and was not very repentant for his deeds, Hill was in a depressed and very repentant state of mind. Keeping the age of these two offenders and their earlier clean record, the Judge decided to hand them light sentences so that they could successfully rehabilitate post their punishment (Theaustralian, 2015). Oliver Curtis Case and imprisonment: In a very recent case of insider trading Mr oliver Curtis was handed two years of imprisonment by Justice Lucy McCallum. Curtis was an employer of the investment Bank of Transocean group. During the year 2007-2008, he was charged with the offence of insider trading. The Justice commented that Curtis was completely aware of his wrong-doings and deals which were illegal in nature and he collaborated with one of his best friends to use insider trading to its fullest to make illegal profit out of it. She also remarked that Curtis did not show any repentance or remorse for his misdeeds. The publicist wife of Curtis pleaded not-guilty for her husband. The Justice passed her verdict with a clear saying that the offender Curtis in this case has not shown any remorse for his wrong doings which has forced her a to pass a sentence against him. Curtis was handed with one year imprisonment and was also served with a good behavior order for another year. Mr Hartman the co-offender in this case who aided Curtis in his illegal insider trading dealings, had admitted of his offence and expressed his repentance for his wrong-doings. But, Curtis was non-committal of his offence till the very last. The Judge while passing her sentence said that she thought that Curtis was not of the material or mental intent to repeat the same nature of offence in future. She also said that the family of Curtis well supportive and financially well-placed. Therefore the imprisonment would not affect them in a harsh manner. She also commented that the damage in the professional reputation of Curtis may not be matter of great concern as his father was a successful banker and was capable of looking after him (Whitbourn, 2016). She believed that Curtiss bonding with his family may help him to come out clean after a successful rehabilitation. While closing her judgment, she also said that the so called white-collar crime like Insider Trading affects the life of individuals who are into trading and thus causes great damage to community. Her judgment was largely influenced by the fact that Curtis did not show any amount of repentance during his trial for his wrong doings. I) Comparison in the approaches of the Judges in the cases mentioned above: In both the cases, the nature of crime was almost the same, using insider information of a company to use them for personal benefit and illegal money-making. But the approaches of the judges were a little different. In the case of Kamay and Hill, the Judge Ms Hollingworth gave much importance on the fact that both the offenders were very repentant for the misdoings and pleaded guilty. Though there was a difference between the psyche of the offenders in this case, but none of them were believed to repeat their offence once again. The sound nature of their family background was also into playing while the Judge decided upon her sentence. She believed in both the offenders case, rehabilitation in a successful manner was a possibility. But the most important part of her judgment was based upon the amount of money involved into the case. The huge amount of money which was illegally accumulated by Kamay played a big role in his long imprisonment of approximately seven years. The Judge believed that the amount was so large that the victimization of the general traders was of more severe in nature than any other cases of the past. In the case of Curtis Hartman, the Judge emphasized on the observation that unlike Mr Hartman, Curtis was not at all repentant of his misdoings and he did not plead guilty also. But keeping in mind his professional efficiency, his earlier record and his close affinity towards his family, the Judge decided that he is unlikely to repeat his offence. Also the amount of money illegally handled in this case was not of that enormous magnitude. So she decided for a sentence of shorter time period within which she believed rehabilitation would be possible in successful manner (Piotrowski, 2016). II) Kamays appeal and its success: Kamay pleaded guilty for his offence and though he was handed over with a long period of imprisonment, approximately of seven years, the Judge considered his repentance for his misdeeds as a good sign and despite the magnitude of the financial involvement in the case, she handed over a judgment with consideration with the belief that it may lead to the path of the offenders successful rehabilitation. III) Principle of Parity during the judgment by a Judge: The principle of parity plays a huge role in influencing the nature of judgment passed by a Judge. In the same case of Kamay and Hill, hill was handed with lighter sentence than Kamay because of the evidence provided after his psychoanalysis which showed that he was extremely remorseful and completely aware of his misdoings. Also the amount of profit cumulated illegally was less in his case. Therefore, he was handed over with lighter sentence than that handed to Kamay. Similarly, in the case of Curtis and Hartman, Curtis was handed with a punishment more severe in nature than Hartman. Curtis was nonchalant with the crime he committed; he did not play guilty also. On the other hand, Hartman pleaded guilty and was very remorseful for his doings. So, the judgment was also more considerate to him than that to Curtis. IV) Role of Australia security and Investment commission in Criminal Offences: Australia Security and Investment commission (ASIC) looks after maintaining the regulations in equity capital market. The purpose is to create a secured environment for investment so that the domestic and foreign investors feel encouraged. By several methods like surveillance, prosecution and enforcement, ASIC tries to reduce the loss of shareholders. A key role of ASIC is to find out illegal corporate dealings like insider trading which may affect the future of other lawful traders. By tracking down such criminal activities and taking prosecution action against the offenders is a major role played by it (Asic, 2016). V) Insider trading in legalized environment: possibilities: Trading by a person who is an insider of a company is a matter of legal concern. But in a recent development, corporate act is allowing the insiders of a company to trade with its shares in a legalized manner. Under this regulation, an insider of a company may place a plan to trade with company shares well in advance, at a time when he does not have any inside information of the company. He may have the right to deal with the shares according to his preplanned strategy. Thus the violation of corporate law may be avoided. But there are confusions over the possibilities of manipulation of inside information in this type of activity. Conclusion: The fine line between legalized and unrealized Insider trading makes the nature of offences more complex day by day. As an Insider of a company, one person should be extremely cautious about his dealings and handlings of information and trading in order to avoid unwanted situations of prosecution and punishment. References: Asic. (2016, April 20). Asic. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Asic: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/what-we-do/our-role/ Austlii. (2001). Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Austlii: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s1043a.html Crowe, E. (2015, June 01). What Is Criminology? - Definition, History Theories. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from study: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-criminology-definition-history-theories.html Legislation. (2016, August 24). Criminal Code 2002 . Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Legislation: https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2002-51/current/pdf/2002-51.pdf Piotrowski, D. (2016, June 23). Mr Curtis has not embraced responsibility for his offending. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Dailymail: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3655845/Oliver-Curtis-sentencing-Roxy-Jacenko-s-husband-face-jail-insider-trading.html Theaustralian. (2015, March 17). Lukas kamay jailed for seven years. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Theaustralian: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/insider-trader-lukas-kamay-jailed-for-seven-years/news-story/952d8812aa879f484214f7a5ebb3cae1 Vines, H. (2015, March 16). 'Greedy' pair Lukas Kamay, Christopher Hill jailed over $7 million ABS insider trading scam. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Abc: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-17/pair-sentenced-over-abs-insider-trading/6324526 Whitbourn, M. (2016, June 02). Oliver Curtis, husband of Roxy Jacenko, jailed for insider trading. Retrieved October 06, 2016, from Smh: https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/oliver-curtis-husband-of-roxy-jacenko-jailed-for-insider-trading-20160623-gpputd.html