Essay writing ppt: 2020

Tuesday, September 15, 2020

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Friday, September 11, 2020

How To Write The University Of Florida Essays 2020

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Essaytyper

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Friday, August 28, 2020

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Descriptive Essays Conventions

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Descriptive Essays Conventions

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Essay Questions - Get Sample Papers to Help Answer Weak Essay Questions

Essay Questions - Get Sample Papers to Help Answer Weak Essay QuestionsGet samples for your weak essay questions. You might ask yourself why you are asking yourself these questions. Well, one of the main reasons is that your weak essay question might not be on the syllabus.So, let's say your student is in need of a strong essay question. Well, in this article, I am going to give you the answers you need to choose the proper essay question.There are some ways you can choose the strongest essay question. But first, let's know what are weak essay questions. A weak essay question is the question that the teacher leaves for the students to answer.Now, let's see what the best way to choose the weakest essay question is. A good way to answer a weak essay question is to choose the weak essay question that is about one topic or one theme. This means that you have to figure out which topic or theme you are going to cover in your assignment.If you have no idea what topic you should cover in you r topic, there are some good samples available on the internet. With good samples, you will have a head start to get the essay questions that you need to answer.So, in this article, I am going to give you the sample questions that can help you answer essay questions. The samples that you need to have are the questions that are in the syllabus that is related to the subject of your assignment. If your teacher requires a weak essay question, the syllabus must contain the weak essay question.If you want to improve your writing skills, get some good essay questions that you can use. Theses question will help you improve your writing skills and give you a headstart to answering your weak essay questions.

Friday, May 15, 2020

Why No One Truly Loves Olivia Essay - 1552 Words

Why No One Truly Loves Olivia? For one to love someone, one must know someone. In order for love to be truly love two people must truly know and care for each other. There is no such thing at love at first sight or instantly loving someone because a person believe that they are loved. Feeling love after only the first time seeing a person is not love, that feeling is probably closer to lust. Love is an uncontrollable connection that happens between one person and another over time. In William ShakespeareÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s novel Twelfth Night, Malvolio, Sir Andrew and Duke Orsino all claim to love Olivia but truly do not and they use her weakened state to gain wealth, power and royal status for each of their own personal intentions. Malvolio, Sir Andrew and Duke Orsino all try to exploit OliviaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s weakened emotional state, by claiming to love her therefore she will wed them. Olivia tragically just lost her brother and father, therefore she is in a state of emotional vulnerability. Her un cle Sir Andrew describes her states with, Ã¢â‚¬Å"What a plague means my niece to take the death of her brother thusÃ¢â‚¬ (Act 1 Sc. 3 Pg. 15). Hence Olivia is in such a susceptible state, the male characters decide that it is their time to prey upon poor Olivia. Her uncle, Sir Toby decides to send his friend Sir Andrew to comfort her and Orsino sends a representative, Viola, to woo Olivia. Orsino specifically tells Viola to, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Unfold the passion of my love. Surprise her with discourse of my dear faith.Ã¢â‚¬ (Act 1 Sc. 5Show MoreRelatedDuke Orsino And Unrequited Love In Shakespeares Twelfth Night1131 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages Unrequited love can be cute, but it also can be gross. It all depends on the person, and in ShakespeareÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"Twelfth NightÃ¢â‚¬ Duke OrsinoÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s love for Olivia is definitely gross. The character of Duke Orsino in the original play is not particularly charming, but Channing TatumÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Duke Orsino in Ã¢â‚¬Å"SheÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s the ManÃ¢â‚¬ is much more endearing. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s not just TatumÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s good looks, but his performance itself that makes Duke seem more likable. Despite the unrequited love in both works, in Ã¢â‚¬Å"Twelfth NightÃ¢â‚¬ , Duke OrsinosRead More Love in twelfth night Essay714 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 3 Pages Love in twelfth night In the play twelfth night, Shakespeare covered three types of love : Lust, true love and brotherly love. Love is one of the most confusing and most misunderstood emotions that we as humans posses. Love is an extremely diverse emotion which is why it was used as the main topic in twelfth night. Lust, which is probably one of the most confusing types of love was an apparent subject in twelfth night.There are many reasons why one would lust, one could be because you are attractedRead MoreTwelfth Night By William Shakespeare851 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesTwelfth Night is one of Shakespeare s most popular, lightest, entertainment and its staging continues to delight audiences all over the world which narrated the history of Viola, a young woman of aristocratic birth. Viola thought that her brother was dead, so she decided to make her own way in the world, and in the kingdom of Illyria she decided to disguise herself as a young man, calling herself Ã¢â‚¬Å"CesarioÃ¢â‚¬ . She becomes a page to Duke Orsino who is a nobleman lovesick for the Lady Olivia. Viola Ã¢â‚¬Å"CesarioÃ¢â‚¬ Read MoreTheme Of Love In Twelfth Night767 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesLove in Twelfth Night. Twelfth Night explores the various representations of love that are universal to the human experience. In the play Twelfth Night, written by William Shakespeare, covers three types of love, Lust, true love and superficial. Love is one of the most confusing and most misunderstood emotions that we as humans possess. Love is an extremely diverse emotion and allows for multiple opinions on what it truly is which is why it was used as the main topic in twelfth night. True loveRead MoreTwelfth Night And Brokeback Mountain1338 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesMountain,Ã¢â‚¬ it appears they share numerous themes with the novel Never Let Me Go. One theme particularly interesting regarding the novel Twelfth Night is that of identity. The theme of identity in Twelfth Night influenced me to think differently about IshiguroÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s text, Never Let Me Go, because it allows for a deeper understanding of the difficulty the clones faced in finding their identity. After reading Never Let Me Go, one can perceive that the identity struggles the characters face are more obviousRead MoreThe Function of Disguise in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare889 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesdisguise and deception, both mental and physical. The deception leads to a lot of misunderstanding and subsequently, a lot of humour. The tale begins in Illyria with the Duke Orsino, who is suffering due to his unrequited love for the Lady Olivia. The Lady is also suffering from the recent loss of her brother and father, and currently wants nothing to do with the equally mournful Duke. A disguise is used for safety when a young character named Viola becomes shipwreckedRead MoreEssay about William ShakespeareÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Twelfth Night: Feste 1643 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pageschuckles and hums a tune, as he silently watches Viola mourn. He holds no facial expression, neither teary nor auspicious and his physical appearance does not represent a common Jester in Elizabethan times. In view of FesteÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s silent observation of Viola, one is able to speculate some sort of connection between the two characters. Given that he is a compassionate man, he is not taken aback by what the world has evolved to nor does he accept its change. He shows interest in the obstacles Viola faces as aRead MoreSelf Love In Twelfth Night875 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesNight addresses the issue of self-love and how it affects people lives. Malvolio is the perfect example of self-love. Some Might even say that Malvolio is conceited. He considers himself to be a nice looking and decent man. Malvolio believes that women would love to be with him. He gets a kick out of the chance to seeing things going him way, and he misleads himself just to suit his point of view toward the circumstance. For instance, in the play he twists Olivia s words around to influence it toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1729 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesNight, a love triangle between the characters Viola dressed as Cesario, Orsino the Duke, and Olivia runs rampant throughout the storyline. This conflict comes to a head in Act 5 Scene 1 lines (in my copy) 109 through 147. This is the first, and only, time during the play that the audience sees all three characters, Viola, Orsino, and Olivia, together. In this climaxing scene, it is apparent that Orsino is distraught with more than friendly feelings for his manservant Cesario, and that Olivia is in loveRead MoreFunction of Disguise in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Essay994 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesshapes from physical disguise to mental disguise. Disguise is one of the main topics of the play and helps to create the plot. It brings in confusion and comedy as well as the darker and sadder side of the play which is disguised as fun and happiness. Disguise is evident from the very beginning of the play. A supposedly noble Duke Orsino is suffering due to his unrequited love for the Lady Olivia. The Lady Olivia, however, is also suffering due to the recent deaths of her

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Tunisian War Essay - 2625 Words

Revolution is a way to make change in power, or a countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s governmental system. For some people it is a step towards freedom, a new beginning, also an action against injustice, corrupted government and leaders. Revolution is a movement to bring down a distorted regime and to make a complete change to a nationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s fundamental institutions. There were several revolutions that occurred in history such as the American, French, and Iranian Revolution among many others. Each of these revolutions brought many significant changes to a nationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s economy, culture and sociopolitical organization. According to Marxist Communism, revolution is very crucial to change the societies from one historical phase to another and the perception of revolution is anÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦According to state.gov, Tunisia had no opposition parties until 1981. In 1987, Ben Ali removed the former president Habib Bourguibia from power and took over the office. After taking over office, P resident Ben Ali promised the citizens of Tunisia for more democratic openness, respecting human rights, and creating peace on the country by signing a national pact with the opposition parties. However, it turned out to be another trick to gain popularity and stay in power without any opposition. The new administration took away all the freedom from citizens and imposed roles that only benefited them. For example, the government even put a restriction over the freedom of speech and press Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and does not allow a free press... Foreign media, including foreign-based satellite television channels, have criticized the Tunisian Government for the lack of press freedomÃ¢â‚¬ (state.gov). The constitution authorized the freedom of press under certain conditions, and all the press and media was controlled by the government. Press and media were only allowed to publish what the government told them. The public had no political freedom; it was like the government was trying to put a blindfold over them so that they could not take any actions against the system. President Ben AliÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s administration also has been criticized by numerous international media and other nongovernmental organizations due to the abuse of human rights. According state.gov, the annual human rightsShow MoreRelatedThe International Community Witnessed Dramatic Changes During The Tunisian Revolution1655 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages The international community witnessed dramatic changes during the Tunisian Revolution which sparked the Arab Spring. The Middle East became an unstable region. Key world players, including Russia, the United States, and the United Nations (UN), saw windows of opportunity in the fragile region. The Syrian conflict started as another Arab uprising to topple the authoritarian leader. However, it has since evolved into a proxy war involving Russia, the US, and other state and non-state actors. In SeptemberRead MoreForeign Internal Defense Of North Africa1504 Words Ã ‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages FOREIGN INTERNAL DEFENSE IN NORTH AFRICA Michael Watson Terrorism and Counter Terrorism May 15, 2016 In the United StateÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s led Global War on Terror; the best battles are the ones won before they even start. The way this is achieved is through a strategy called Foreign Internal Defense. Foreign Internal Defense is Ã¢â‚¬Å"the major military to military advisory effort under National AssistanceÃ¢â‚¬ 1. What that means is Special Operations Forces and conventional military forcesRead MoreWikileaks : A Not For Profit Media Organization3513 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 15 PagesWikiLeaks quickly superseded the leak itself. Soon with their publication of classified documents regarding Afghan War, U.S. diplomatic cables, Collateral Murder Video, Iraq war logs etc. WikiLeaks gained a worldwide audience for themselves. The world politics was thrown into turmoil with role of U.S. government coming into question over various ethical issues involving their role in War against terrorism, its view on its allies. Figure 1How WikiLeaks Functions Wikileaks publishing of these classifiedRead MoreLiberal Peace Essay1213 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesgrounds for this argument? Answer: Liberalism is a theory of international relations with a view point that human is born good and free. In this question will require a discussion on the Democratic Peace Theory which was emphasised after the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union. The main argument was that democratic states tend not to fight other democratic states. This theory has been associated largely with writings of Michael Doyle and Bruce Russet. Early authors like Immanuel Kant alsoRead MoreNorth African Campaign During World War II1265 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesNorth African Campaign World War II will always be a defining part of History for both the US and the rest of the world. Although we came out victorious that wasnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t possible without a great loss of life, resources, and morals. There were many key battles that brought us towards victory, but when you think of the battles that took place during the second World War, the locations that come to mind are likely in France, Germany or another European location. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s safe to assume that for most NorthRead MoreThe State Centric Construction Of The International Politics3219 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 13 Pagespaper presents the often neglected untold circumstances of the Indian subcontinent in the cold war, when India invaded East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh) in 1971 against the West Pakistan military forces who were conducting a Ã¢â‚¬Å"Selective GenocideÃ¢â‚¬ in East Pakistan. The intervention by India was not authorized by the United Nation Security Council (UNSC) chiefly for two reasons: firstly, the co ld war politics impeded the UNSC members to reach a solution that wouldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t deter their respective alliesRead MoreArab Nationalist Fervor : Syria1875 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 Pagesinternational pressures on the Assad regime to loosen its grip in the wake of the devastating Civil War that has been raging in the country since 2010 (Oweis). That civil war, sparked within the context of the Arab Spring protests that swept the Middle East through the early 2010s, has devastated a country whose peace had held previously only through the fear of a brutal and authoritarian police state. The Syrian Civil War has devastated a country that has been desperate for a legitimately representative andRead More The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algerias Independence4181 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 17 Pagesindependence for the Algerians in 1962. To what extent did the activities of FLN influence De Gaulle and what other factors can be identified which led to his surprising decision to grant independence to A lgeria? Introduction 1. The Algerian War of Independence (1954Ã¢â‚¬â€œ62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de LibÃƒ ©ration Nationale) and other pro-independenceRead MoreThe United States And The Soviet Union1356 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesFollowing WWII the United States and itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s citizens longed for a century of peace, but due to the rise in Communism in Asia it was clearly not meant to be. The Korean and Vietnam Wars established the US as Ã¢â‚¬Å"the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s policemenÃ¢â‚¬ even though the purpose of the wars were to prevent the spread of Communism. By taking part in these wars the United StatesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s relationship with the Soviet Union reached a boiling point in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but was finally defused and the world was spared of a nuclear disaster

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Financial Forecasting in Investment Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Financial Forecasting in Investment Analysis. Answer: Introduction: The business environment is full of uncertainty and changes with the due passage of time. There are various factors that influence the operations of the business. The external and the internal factors play a predominant role in that. The internal factors can be attributed to the change in the policy of management, internal policies, etc. However, there are external factors that can result in a change and may be difficult to tame like the change in the demand for sales due to the implementation of new government policy. This might not go in the best interest of the company and hence might lessen the profit leading to a loss for the company. To keep such situation at bay it is important that the company need to evaluate the external environment on a regular basis. By keeping a strong focus on the external environment, important steps can be taken into consideration to avoid any potential losses. To avoid such a situation, the company need use a method that will help in ascertaining the sales sensitivity, cost as well as variations in the pattern of income (Berk et. al, 2015). This method is called as a sensitivity analysis. It helps in determine the variations that happen in the variables that are quantifiable in nature so that the viability of the project can be determined. In the case of sensitivity analysis, the changes that are unfavorable in nature are accounted for so that the effect of the changes can be considered on the project profitability. The main utilization of the process is in the case of capital budgeting when a decision needs to be undertaken regarding the selection of a project (Kan Zhang, 1999). The main advantage it provides is that of the identification of the key variables that helps in influencing the cost, as well as the benefit of the project. In this scenario demand, costs in terms of operations and legal are contained in this stage. The effect of the bad amendments are determined through it (Brigham Daves, 2012). Moreover, the entities are able to assess whether the changes will impact the decision of the project. Application in Capital Budgeting Sensitivity analysis enables a person to know the impact on the project or a variable in particular if the estimation turns out to be correct or wrong. The evaluation tends to provide a strong measurement of the influence of the variations in the estimation part on the finances or the variable proportion (Ferris et. al, 2010). This provides a helping hand to the project managers in terms of reasoning because they are able to chalk out the reason why the event did not lead to a result that was expected. Moreover, it helps in the future course of activities to consider the decision of doing an investment. When it comes to the process of capital budgeting, sensitivity analysis traces the variation that happens in one assumption or estimation on the overall project. For example, a project can provide $1000 annually for three continuous years and thereby, the investor invests $3000 at the starting of the initial year. However, some variations in the estimates project that the project will provide a return of $ 1500 in other two years (Kandel Stambaugh, 1995). Considering this factor the investment will be split into two equal halves. Hence, sensitivity helps in knowing the variables and provides a better explanation of the situation. The decision making is easier with the help of sensitivity analysis. Scenario Analysis Scenario analysis can be defined as a mechanism that helps in assessing the vague in the current scenario by considering the projected results. It provides the function as a predictive tool and even as a tool for analysis. The analysis can be done in the form of three cases that is the base case, the best case, and the worst case. The base case can be said to be the case where the level of probability stands high. The best case is the case where it is considered that the things will proceed in a favorable manner and the worst case is the one where every assumption fails (Northington, 2011). Hence, this will alert the analyst and will take preventive actions so that the worst can be avoided. However, it needs to be noted that it does not describe the entire situation rather provide an idea of the problem. This is highly helpful when it comes to the mechanism of capital budgeting where a strong level of analysis is needed. The Net present value of a project can be supported through it under the situation of high, moderate and low inflation. It is even helpful for the financial institution because it helps to predict the state of the economy and the financial market can be forecasted through it. Therefore, it helps to know the possible scenario of the economy that further helps the institution in allocating the resources in an effective manner. Application in Capital Budgeting There is always a level of uncertainty when it comes to variables and taking assumptions in the case of capital budgeting. Therefore, scenario analysis is a potent tool when it comes to making a decision and removing the level of uncertainty. The decision regarding the change of an assumption and the extent of change depends entirely on the scenario. The best, as well as the worst case, is differentiated so that steps can be taken or steps to be taken to yield a positive outcome (Parrino et. al, 2012). When the real result of the project goes wrong then the scenario analysis supports the investors by taking up of steps so that improper situations can be avoided. Difference between the two concepts Both the mechanism are vastly important when it comes to the process of capital budgeting as it enables to know the best investment plan. However, there is a difference between the two. A scenario analysis might involve the concept of sensitivity analysis, on the contrary, it is not compulsory that the sensitivity analysis will require the usage of scenario analysis. The sensitivity analysis will enable the investor to know the problem linked to the investment plan that is proposed while the scenario analysis will aid in evaluating the uncertainties and the manner in which the investment is affected. Capital Asset pricing Model The CAPM establishes a formula that computes the return that is expected and is based on a security depending on the risk level. It is a model that provides an answer to the fair value of an investment. The prime role of CAPM is twofold that is to provide a rate of return that features like a reference when it comes to evaluation and then helping in knowing the return that is expected (Da et. al, 2012). The formula for CAPM is the risk-free rate added with the beta times the difference that appears between the market return and the risk-free rate. The CAPM can be projected in a better fashion if a clear understanding of the investment risk is present. It needs to be noted that the securities on an individual level are burdened with the depreciation risk that is investors loss in terms of investment. The investor faces two kinds of risk that are a systematic risk and the unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is the overall risk and the unsystematic risk is the stock specific risk. The mo del of CAPM establishes the fact the investor are needed to be repaid in dual ways that are the time value and the risk. The risk-free rate is denoted by rf and it is the bonds of the government like the U.S Treasuries. By the application of CAPM, the calculation of the return that is expected for specific stock can be done (Guerard, 2013). Capital Market Line The CML is stated as a graph that owes its origin from the CAPM. It is used to extract the rate of return from a particular portfolio. The CLM is the line utilized in the CAPM model to project the return rates for the portfolio that are efficient in nature. The rates vary in tune with the risk level and the rate of return (Damodaran, 2012). The CML provide a linear relationship between positive nature between the return, as well as the beta of the portfolio. It is even known by the name of the market line. The CML can be true for a portfolio that holds an efficient feature and determines the behavior of the investor pertaining to the market portfolio and the self-portfolio. The CML comes from the merge of the market portfolio with that of the risk-free asset (indicated as L). All the points along the CML can be said to be having a strong risk-return relationship to any portfolio that lies on the efficient frontier. When it comes from the point of view of the CML then the portfolio M is comprised of the total assets that are risky in nature, the market and contains no holding of the asset that is risky that implies no money is invested or borrowed from the money market account (Bodie et. al, 2014). Similarity between CAPM and CML The major similarity is that the Capital Market Line (CML) appears in the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) in order to portray the rates of return for effective portfolios that are highly subject to the standard deviation (risk level) for a risk-free rate and market portfolio. In a CAPM, the securities are priced and hence, the anticipated risks neutralize the anticipated returns. CML is one of the relevant components that are required to generate a CAPM (Bodie et. al, 2014). It conveys the investors return for a portfolio by assuming that every investor can own market portfolios. Non-effective portfolios and single assets are not taken into account by the CML and therefore, in this case, the SML (Security Market Line) would be more beneficial. The CML is generated by drawing a tangent line at the point of interception on the efficient frontier to an area wherein the expected rate of return is equal to the risk-free rate of return. Moreover, it is more effective than the efficient frontier as it takes into consideration the introduction of a risk-free asset concept in the market portfolio (Brealey et. al, 2011). In relation to the CAPM, it portrays that the market portfolio is only the efficient frontier. Therefore, this makes it clear that the CML is a significant component of the CAPM and is utilized to denote the rates of return for the effective portfolios that dwell on the level of risk and risk-free rate. In simple words, the attributes of CAPM are clearly implanted in the CML (Graham Smart, 2012). Difference between CAPM and CML Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) can be applied to any security whether it is non-diversified or diversified, whereas the Capital Market Line (CML) can be applied only to those portfolios that are diversified in nature. Furthermore, because of this, the CAPM is able to depict a proper interconnection betwixt expected returns and total risk, while CML can only be explained as an element and a significant factor for establishing the CAPM (Arnold, 2010). In other words, the CAPM is a model as a whole whereas CML is just one of its components. Secondly, the CAPM can be considered as the most efficient tool to determine the return of an investor wherein the compensation can be done for the systematic risk, as diversification is not possible. Moreover, considering the involved risk in the investment, the expected return becomes ascertainable (Vaitilingam, 2010). Furthermore, in the case of a potential return, systematic risk becomes more relevant than any other risk. In addition, the business cycle appears at the front line when the potential of stock holding is high and hence, the return is determined on an aggregate basis (Arnold, 2010). In relation to CML, it takes into consideration asset addition that is risk-free in nature and therefore, as mentioned above, it is more beneficial than the efficient frontier. In comparison to the market portfolio, each portfolio possesses an indistinguishable Sharpe Ratio. Both the Sharpe ratio and the CML of the portfolio must be determined when it comes to investment or purchase in the market. References Arnold, G 2010, The Financial Times Guide to Investing, Prentice Hall. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P. Stangeland, D 2015, Corporate Finance, Canadian Toronto: Pearson Canada. Bodie, Z., Kane, A. Marcus, A. J 2014, Investments, McGraw Hill Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Da, Z., Guo, R.J. Jagannathan, R 2012, CAPM for estimating the cost of equity capital: Interpreting the empirical evidence, Journal of Financial Economics vol. 103, pp. 204220 Damodaran, A 2012, Investment Valuation, New York: John Wiley Sons. Ferris, S.P., Noronha, G. Unlu, E 2010, The more, merrier: an international analysis of the frequency of dividend payment, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 14870. Graham, J. Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Guerard, J. 2013,Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis, New York, NY: Springer. Kan, R. Zhang, C 1999, Two-pass tests of asset pricing models with useless factors, Journal of Finance, vol. 54, pp. 203-235. Kandel, S. Stambaugh, R.F 1995, Portfolio inefficiency and the cross-section of expected returns, Journal of Finance, vol. 50, pp. 157-184. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, Vaitilingam, R 2010, The Financial Times Guide to Using the Financial Pages, London: FT Prentice Hall.

Wednesday, April 15, 2020

A Miracle for Mankind essays

A Miracle for Mankind essays Cloning is not an easy task, but because of such a growth in research it is worth the difficulties to carry out such an experiment. Cloning is based on nuclear transfer, which involve the use of two cells, the same technique scientists have used for some years to copy animals from embryonic cells. The technique where by a female's egg is removed, put into a Petri dish, and then fertilized by sperm. More than one sperm fertilizes the egg so it causes the egg to split. The egg does this naturally, exactly how twins are produced. Then the zona coating is removed with an enzyme, and the two eggs are separated. Next, there is an artificial zona coating added to allow the development to proceed around each of the eggs. The cells, at that point, continue to divide and form genetically identical embryos. This procedure will make the future progress for scientific technology more useful. Many Americans believe that cloning interferes with nature, whether it be with animals or humans. Once a mammal is cloned, it gives a whole new perspective to the world, and numerous people grow angry at the idea. The people figured that scientists would begin to discover ways to clone human beings and turn society into a stereotypical and indifferent place to live. The fact remains that cloning is a major part of upcoming technology,Cloning research holds glittering promise for medicine, and many scientists fear that a hastily enacted ban might inadvertently halt research that could cure disease and save lives? ( KolataScientists Urge? B11). Scientists experimenting with cloning has been going on for a few years now and with the United States authorities doubt of cloning, all of the work will no longer be worth it. This means that sick people that have a chance to live, just as long as healthy people, will die early because of disbelief. Still, scientists have no doubt that cloning opens up opportunities like the growth of medical research, ...

Thursday, March 12, 2020

Economic Value Added Essays

Economic Value Added Essays Economic Value Added Essay Economic Value Added Essay Return on Investment and Economic Value Added This ultimately guides stakeholders to make appropriate decisions based on Information available to them to determine what the organization wants to achieve and how the performance will be measured. Organizations that are large in structure and operations focus has been to ensure shareholders wealth are maximizes which means management, investors and other takeovers require to know the performance of the organization as this will aid them to make appropriate. We will consider the measures put in place both financial and non financial that will enable handlers of organization to have a good evaluation of the performance of the business. 1 Organizational Structures According to Tudor Spencer (2005) who stated that No two organizations are financially managed in an identical way. This is because different organizations have different purpose, operate in different environments, have different histories or Just managed by unique personalities with different references (Tudor Spencer 2005; peg 130). Large organizations are grouped into divisional and non-divisional organizational structures. In dillydallied organization the structure causes a decentralization of decision making process as the central head office creates different divisions managed by divisional managers. This is the opposite in non divisional organization as responsibility for profit lies with the central head office. The divisional manages are given autonomy to determine profit responsibility which falls into an investment, profit or cost centre. Investment centre Investment centers are basically decentralized dollops that a manager of an organization has control and maximum discretion. The manager will determine the level and type of capital investment decision the division will handle, operating decision on product mix, pricing and various production methods for the division. Profit centre Profit centers are divisions that the managers do not have control over investments decision making process In the division. The manager responsibility Is to ensure that profit Is generated from operations on the assets from the head office which the division reports to directly. Cost centre Cost centers are divisions where the managers are only responsible for cost but not profit. 1. 1 Divisional Performance measurement Performance evaluation of dollops can be considered In two aspects;- Return on Economic Value Added (EVA) 1. 12 Return on Investment (ROI) The return on investment (ROI) is a performance measurement mostly used for an investment centre. It is expresses divisional profit as a percentage of the assets employed in the operations of the division. ROI = Net income/lamented capital ROI = [Net income X Sales (Revenue) (Revenue) X Invested capital] ROI= Net refit ratio x Capital turnover The intent of this measure is to evaluate the success of an organization or division by comparing its operating income to its invested capital. The ROI is generally an objective measure used on historic accounting information. This is shown in illustration 1 under Appendix 1 where the return on investment of Company A in Division C is analyses. Advantages of Return on Investment measurement . It can be used to make comparison among divisions with different lines of business and sizes. II. Decisions taken by a division to increase its ROI may increase he overall profitability of the organization. Ill. This measure draws the attention of the divisional manager on the assets employed in the divisions and motivates more investment in assets that an adequate return can be derived on them A division can improve ROI in two ways; The profit margin earned per sales dollar can be increased. The sales revenue generated per dollar of invested capital can be increased (this is known as asset turnover). When a manager is evaluated only on the level of profit with no regard to asset employed the tendency would be to increase assets and therefore increase profit. Interestingly, ROI takes into account size differences across the various divisions. For example, assume the managers of divisions A and B earned $1,000,000 and $800,000 in operating income respectively. An assumed interpretation of these differences in operating income would be that the manager of division A performed better than the manager of division B. This viewpoint may not necessarily be correct because the source of division Ass higher income may be its greater size relative to division B. This problem can be addressed when ROI is used to measure each divisions income relative to the asset base deployed. This standardizes the computation into a ratio while less attention is given to the absolute amount. Limitations of Return on Investment measurement According to Morse, et al, (1996), the main disadvantage of ROI is that it can encourage managers, who are evaluated and rewarded based solely on this measure, to make investment divisions that are in their own best interests, while not being in the best interests of the company as a whole. L. Profit can be manipulated by managers by changing accounting policies or the use of different Judgment as noted that Profit is a matter of opinion, cash flow is a matter of fact II. The use of ROI as performance measure for managers may lead to goal incongruence. Where a divisional manager rejects a potential project although generate a positive net present value (NAP) but ultimately reduces the managers ROI. Ill. The problem with using ROI to reward performance in these situations is that managers are penalized, in terms of financial compensation, for decisions made that lower their ROI while increasing the firms wealth. Accordingly, the managers conduct may lead to companys cost of capital. From the firms perspective this is viewed as dysfunctional decision making. From the managers perspective, the over-reliance on ROI as a performance indicator gives the manager no alternative choice. 1. Economic Value Added (EVA) According to Sahara Kumar (2010), EVA is a measurement of the true economic profit generated by a firm. EVA is also referred to as the financial performance measure that is based on operating income after taxes, the investment in assets required to generate that income, and the cost of the investment in assets (or, weighted average cost of capital). Hansen Owen (1997) referred to the three elements used in calculating EVA as operating income after tax, investment in assets, ND the cost of capital. The formula to measure EVA is: EVA = Operating income after tax (investment in assets x weighted average cost of capital). Use of EVA as a Divisional Performance measure In a decentralized organization, divisions are compared with the central head office. The use of EVA encourages divisional managers to maximize the wealth of their various divisions. The use of EVA would ensure that managers invest only in projects which the returns on the project are above the cost of capital of the organization. The primary strength of EVA is that it provides a measure of wealth reaction that aligns the goals of divisional or plant managers with the goals of the entire company. Disadvantage of EVA Performance measurement Although EVA has advantage over ROI, this measure has four limitations that are presented as follows; Size differences The use of EVA has no control over size differences across divisions according to Hansen Owen (1997). A larger division will tend to have a higher EVA when compared to smaller divisions. While EVA is more effective than ROI at aligning divisional managers goals with corporate goals, it has no control for size differences cross organizational units like ROI. Financial orientation EVA is relies on financial accounting methods of revenue realization and expense recognition. If motivated to do so, managers can manipulate these figures by altering their decision making processes (Horned, et al. , 1997). Managers can manipulate the revenue recognized during an accounting period by selecting which customer orders to fill and which to delay. This is basically to increase current period EVA and an adverse blow to customer satisfaction and retention. Discretionary expenditures can be stopped to increase EVA. Managers ay decide not to replace completely depreciated assets and keep the equipment in its financial record. This action lowers the asset base and ensures that no depreciation expense charges are recognized. Short-term orientation The intent of a performance measurement system should be to match employees effort, creativity, and accomplishments with their compensation. According to Hayes Abernathy (1980), the authors referred in their article that although innovation, the unduly penalize failure, the predictable result of relying too heavily on short-term financial measures a sort of managerial remote control is an environment in which o one feels he or she can afford a failure or even a momentary dip in the bottom line. Results-orientation The financial figures prepared to determine EVA and accumulated at the end of an accounting period do not help to ascertain the main cause(s) of operational inefficiencies in a division. These measures offer limited useful information to people charged with the responsibility of managing business processes. The reports state the obvious that performance had declined but they do not help offer solutions to the non accounting business managers who are responsible for improving the value delivered to customers. 1. 4 Possible Solution to mitigate Short term focus of mangers EVA and other financial measures should be a major performance measurement of the organization, but should be in combination with balanced measures that encompass all the performance attributes critical to long-term success. Kaplan and Norton (1992) created a framework tagged balanced scorecard that integrates four types of performance attributes that are important to long term success in an organization. These attributes are embedded in the customer perspective, the internal business process perspective, the innovation and learning perspective, and the financial respective. The strategic objectives of a company are what determine the specific measures it will include in its scorecard. Once a clear understanding of the firms strategy exists, the process of formulating a balanced scorecard begins by selecting appropriate measures for each of the four perspectives. L. The customer perspective by selecting measures that define success from the customers point of view, such as customer retention rates, on-time delivery percentage, or surveys of customer satisfaction. II. The internal business process perspective focuses on nonofficial assure that reflect how well a firm is translating inputs into outputs that are valued by customers. Cycle time, yield percentage, and quality defect rate are examples of internal business process measures that may be used. Ill. The innovation and learning perspective measures are leading indicators that reflect the likelihood a firm will continue to be world-class competitive in the long run. V. The financial perspective is where measures such as EVA, ROI, revenue growth, and stock price make complete sense. EVA would provide useful insight into the wealth creating ability of a division or organization as a whole. Transfer Pricing in an Organization The important feature of decentralization in large organizations is the creation of responsibility centers (e. G. Cost, profit, or investment centers). The performance of these responsibility centers is measured on the basis of various accounting investment. Transfer price is the notional value at which goods and services are transferred from one division of a company to another division in a decentralized organization. The supplying division will give intermediate goods to the receiving division while the receiving division will sell final product to the external market. According to Dry (2009) he stated that The objective of the receiving division is to subject the intermediate products to further processing before it is sold as a final product in the outside market. The transfer price of the intermediate product represents a cost to the receiving division and a revenue to the supplying division (Dry 2009; peg 326). Purposes of Transfer Pricing There are some major reasons to operate a transfer pricing system:- Appropriate transfer prices will assist to coordinate the production, sales and pricing decisions of the different divisions. Transfer prices enable the company to generate different refit figures for the various divisions which aid to measure the performance of each division separately. -Transfer prices ensures autonomy and authority is maintained in divisions. Transfer prices would allow goal congruence. 2. 1 Methods of Transfer Pricing There are four methods of transfer pricing to be considered; Market Based Transfer Pricing In the presence of competitive and stable external markets, many organizations take the external market price as a benchmark for their internal transfer price. Where a market exists outside the organization for the intermediate product and the market is imitative, the use of market price as the transfer price between divisions would generally lead to optimal decision making. Advantages of Market Based Transfer Price l. There are cost savings on internal transfers compared with external sales. Where significant external buying and selling costs exist then a transfer may be set lower than market price to reflect the cost savings from internal transfers. II. The circumstances may lead to negotiated market prices where the total cost savings are apportioned between the buying and selling divisions. In such circumstances an arbitration procedure may be required but too much central intervention of this nature could undermine the autonomy of the divisions. Disadvantages of Market Based Transfer Price l. Where there is no market for the intermediate product or service being considered. II. Difficulty in obtaining a competitive price even when the market exists. Price is only strictly comparable when all features are identical- quality, delivery, finish, and so on. Ill. Market exists but is not perfectly competitive I. E. The market is affected by the pricing decision of divisional managers. V. Market prices that are available may be considered excessive capacity in the intermediate market that current quotations are well below long run average price. In such circumstances the use of either the current, abnormally low price or the long run normal price may lead to sub-optimal decision making on the part of the supplying divisional management or to loss of motivation and autonomy of the purchasing division. Full Cost based transfer pricing systems are usually used because the conditions for setting ideal market prices most times do not exist. For example there may be no intermediate market or the market which does exist may be imperfect. Where the required information is available, a decision rule that would lead to optimal decisions for the organization as a whole would be to transfer at marginal cost up to the point of transfer, plus any opportunity cost to the organization as a whole. Disadvantages of Full cost Transfer Pricing l. The autonomy of divisions would be affected as motivation to do business with other divisions will not be profitable. II. The cost may include inefficiencies of the selling division which would thus be passed on to the buying division. Accordingly, standard cost, rather than actual costs should be used as the basis of the transfer rice in order not to burden the buying department with the inefficiencies of the supplying division. Cost-plus Mark up Transfer Pricing In this method, the transfers are made at full costs plus a profit mark up. The cost plus will be treated by the buying division as an input variable cost so that external selling price decisions based on cost may not be set at levels which are optimal as far as the firm as a whole is concerned. Disadvantages of cost-plus mark up transfer pricing l. The calculated cost is only accurate at one level of output. II. The validity of any pricing decision base on past costs is questionable. Ill. When transfers are made at full cost plus a profit mark up the selling division receives a certain level of profit rendering genuine performance appraisal difficult. V. When the selling division is inefficient or working at low volume the costs may be unacceptably high as far as the buying division is concerned. Negotiated Transfer Pricing Negotiated transfer pricing has the advantage of a free market in which divisional managers buy and sell from each other in a manner at arms length transactions. However, we may not assume that the outcome of these transfer price negotiations will serve the best interests of the company or shareholders. Advantages of Negotiated Transfer Pricing l. Realistic transfer prices are achieved. II. Goal congruence is promoted among divisions of the organization. Ill. Division autonomy and motivation among the managers is achieved. Disadvantages of l. The transfer price could depend on which divisional manager is the better in bargaining rather than whether the transfer results in profit-maximizing production and sourcing decisions. Where divisional managers fail to reach an agreement on price, even though the transfer is in the best interests of the company, senior management might decide to impose a transfer price. However, senior managements imposition of a transfer price defeats the motivation for using a negotiated transfer price in the first place. Organizations basically would adopt the most appropriate performance measure that would increase the overall objective of the organization. This provides a complete representation of a managers performance and ensures a proper balance between processes and results and the short term versus the long term. The financial measures, such as EVA and ROI recognize that ultimately a company needs to hold its people accountable for generating profits; however, the risk of overemphasized worth-run profits needs to be balanced by incorporating the non financial drivers of long-term financial wealth into the performance measurement and reward system. Devotionals organizations operating in a perfect or imperfect market would always find a way to determine the appropriate transfer pricing method to adopt. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages the different transfer methods are required to achieve the overall objective of the organization.

Tuesday, February 25, 2020

The history of manufacturing worldwide and its influence on societies Essay

The history of manufacturing worldwide and its influence on societies and global power - Essay Example It was from this that the world saw increased food production.Ã‚ Whitten, O. (1997, pg2) says that it was during this period that the agricultural sector benefited from production of machines to replace the existing ones which proved to be unproductive. It isÃ‚ rationalÃ‚ to argue that the economy of the world has beenÃ‚ independentÃ‚ of the growth in agriculture. This is because as the agricultural sector made some steps the economy made some percentage growth. The manufacturing of goods in the whole world increased. More profits than beforeÃ‚ were indicated. The availability of raw materials was another factor that contributed to theÃ‚ growthÃ‚ of manufacturing industries. It is common knowledge that theÃ‚ productionÃ‚ industries need a constant supply of raw materials. Development of technology that enabled theÃ‚ growthÃ‚ of certain crops in deferent areas where they could notÃ‚ growÃ‚ before proved to be significant inÃ‚ factoryÃ‚ development. These factories enhanced the increase in suppler which meant that more food was available for human consumption thanÃ‚ before. Mills, J (2002, pg53) argues that the increase in the food production was in tandem with the increase in economy. World manufacturing companies are now makingÃ‚ profit. In all sectors of life, thingsÃ‚ have been broughtÃ‚ to the footsteps of the people. It isÃ‚ rationalÃ‚ toÃ‚ indicateÃ‚ that, talking of the world manufacturing; one is at the same time talking about globalization. New machines have continuously been manufactured and in the process, increase theÃ‚ productionÃ‚ of goods. The technology, moreÃ‚ specificÃ‚ the preservation methods, provided aÃ‚ chanceÃ‚ for theÃ‚ growthÃ‚ of industries. Transportation systems improved tremendously. As a result, machines that cannot be manufactured in deferent areasÃ‚ were transported.Ã‚ This made it possible to have the industries spreading to all corners of the world.Ã‚ Proficient management system in all business, asÃ‚ putÃ‚ by Trautman et al (2008, n.p), is

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Knife crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knife crime - Essay Example 4. Introduction to the Research Topic (300 words) Knife carrying In this section you should provide some background to the research topic and describe why you consider your research to be important. Knife carrying among American youth is a cause of concern for educators and civic administrators alike. Knife carrying, along with other weapons such as guns, are significant contributors to youth crime in the country. Recent episodes of youth crime and violence in our schools have prompted many school administrators and psychologists to seek explanations for violence committed by students. Even extensive research projects have been undertaken toward identifying risk factors and behaviors associated with knife-carrying by youth. As of now, the relationship between violent acts and knife-carrying is firmly established. Indeed, Ã¢â‚¬Å"carryingÃ‚ a weapon has been associated with physical violence), and in and of itself is a high-risk behavior that concerns stakeholders who are trying to ke ep schools safe.Ã¢â‚¬ (Malecki & Demaray, 2003, p.172) Moreover, exposure to knife-crime and gun violence profoundly affects the psychology of victims, even if it affects them only indirectly. For example, exposure to violence can desensitize young people to the use of violence as a means to conflict resolution. In the social sphere, carrying knifes and witnessing/participating in crimes can limit an individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ability to develop meaningful interpersonal relationships. There is also the danger of physical harm. Equally important is the fact that children who are exposed to violent crimes do poorly in school and hold little hope for a productive and fulfilling future for themselves. Further, such people can instigate the cycle of exposure to violence all over again when it comes to their own children. Hence, the subject of knife-carrying is of great sensitivity and relevance to politicians, parents and educators. Upon its successful resolution lie the prospects for a harmo nious society. (Garbarino, et.al, 2002, p.73) The purpose of this research exercise is to learn more about the issue by studying published literature as well as gathering information through direct research. Upon analyzing the information assembled thus, constructive suggestions can be given to Metropolitan Police Departments, to the youth and to the advertisers, so that our society functions in a more peaceful manner. Special attention is also given to claims of 1.self-defense as the primary motivation behind knife-carrying, 2. the usefulness of stop-n-search operations and 3. the effectiveness of advertisements in curbing this behavior. There is a substantial body of scholarly literature published on the issue of weapon-carrying, although studies focusing exclusively on knife-carrying are few in number. This makes a case for this research project, which is intended to fill that void. 5. Literature Review (800 words) In this section you should discuss what academic research and deb ates have gone on in this area and what conclusions and comments were made by those. Please in this section reference everything and from literature review, (date. Page, year) 1. Find literature review on knife carrying why do youth carry weapon? 2. Find literature review on stop and search 3. Find literature review on advertisement regarding knife carrying At last reference everything you have done research and reference in Harvard Surveying broader literature on the subject, we understand that adolescents in the United States are carrying